Jerri Bartholomew

Salmon diseases, fish parasites

 

*POST-DOCTORAL POSITION* 

Research Interests: Pathogens of fish

Associate Professor

Director of J.L. Fryer Salmon Disease Laboratory

Courses Taught:  MB 491/591 Fish Disease, Salmonid Disease Workshop

Degrees:  Ph.D. Oregon State University

LAB MEMBERS

Research Associates: Sascha Hallett ll Richard Holt

Lab Managers: Gerri Buckles ll Jill Pridgeon

Graduate Students: Sarah Bjork ll Stephen Atkinson ll Adam Ray ll Charlene Hurst ll Matthew Stinston ll Michelle Jordan

Undergraduates: Steve Christy ll Daniel Horner ll Sue-Jie Koo

RESEARCH

My research interest is pathogens of fishes, and particularly parasites of the phylum Myxozoa. This group is distinguished by having a complex life cycle, requiring not only a fish host, but an aquatic annelid. There are greater than 2200 known myxozoan species, and the life cycles of less than 30 have been described, and we are trying to add to this number. However, three species that cause disease in salmonids are the main focus of our research.

Ceratomyxa shasta. This parasite is found only in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. and Canada, and in some river systems it can be a serious disease problem for salmon and trout. We described the life cycle of this parasite, finding that its alternate host is an unusual freshwater polychaete worm. This finding opened the door to investigations on the ecology of the relationship between the parasite and its hosts to answer why it is present in certain areas and not found in others. Recent studies on C. shasta in the Klamath River has resulted in mapping the distribution and habitat requirements of the polychaete host and in development of molecular detection methods that can measure parasite numbers in water samples. Together, these advances are providing important keys to understanding the effects of this pathogen in that system and to providing resource managers with tools for mitigating those effects.

Another area of investigation is the genetic and immunological basis of resistance against this parasite. Strains of fish from endemic areas are not generally susceptible to infection and disease unless exposed to large numbers of parasites. Genetic linkage mapping of clonal fish strains has resulted in identification of several markers associated with the trait of resistance.

Myxobolus cerebralis. This myxozoan is the cause of whirling disease in trout. Interest in whirling disease has resurfaced in the past decade because of its impacts on wild trout populations in the Rocky Mountain states. This has caused a reexamination of what we know about the parasite and its impact in other regions. Of particular interest in my lab is the effect that it may have on anadromous salmon populations, and the potential of these migratory fish for disseminating the parasite to new areas. Another topic of interest is the role that the genetics of the invertebrate host, Tubifex tubifex, plays in influencing infection. We are addressing these questions in laboratory studies and in field studies in northeastern Oregon, where the parasite is endemic and lower Columbia River tributaries where it is most likely to become established. This work has recently expanded to Alaska in response to questions about the risk of introduction and establishment of this parasite in waters in that state.

These research interests led me to join the Whirling Disease Foundation as their science coordinator. This foundation was established in 1995 with a mission to raise funds needed for solutions to the damage caused by whirling disease. The Foundation has sponsored annual symposia that have focused attention on the problem, and has also funded research on both basic research and projects of regional interest.

Parvicapsula minibicornis. This parasite was recently detected in Chinook salmon in the Klamath River and little is known about its potential effects. However, as it can cause severe kidney pathology, there is concern that it may affect survival of these fish as they enter the ocean. During the past year we have been able to solve the life cycle of this myxozoan, finding that it requires the same invertebrate host as C. shasta. As a result, we already know a great deal about its life cycle and this will allow for a more effective management approach in rivers where these parasites are present.

Pub Med

Selected Publications

Hallett, S. L. and J. L. Bartholomew. Development and application of a duplex QPCR for river water samples to monitor the myxozoan parasite Parvicapsula minibicornis. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Accepted June 2009.

Hallett S.L., Lorz H.V., Atkinson S.D., Rasmussen C., Xue L., & Bartholomew J.L. (2009) Propagation of the myxozoan parasite Myxobolus cerebralis by different geographic and genetic populations of Tubifex tubifex: An Oregon perspective. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102:57-68.

Maule, A. G., S. P. VanderKooi, J. Hamilton, R. Stocking and J. Bartholomew. Physiological development and vulnerability to Ceratomyxa shasta of fall-run Chinook salmon in the upper Klamath River watershed. North American Journal of Fisheries Management. Accepted March 2009.

Atkinson, S. D. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2009. Alternate spore stages of Myxobilatus gasterostei, a myxosporean parasite of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and oligochaetes (Nais communis). Parasitology Research. Accepted August 2008.

Bjork, S. J. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2009. The effects of water velocity on the Ceratomyxa shasta infectious cycle. Journal of Fish Disease 32:131-142.

Arsan, E. L. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2009. Potential dispersal of the non-native parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon: A qualitative analysis of risk. Reviews in Fisheries Science 17:360-372.

Arsan, E. L. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2008. Potential for the dissemination of the non-native salmonid parasite Myxobolus cerebralis in Alaska. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 20:136-149.

Bartholomew, J. L., S. D. Atkinson, S. L. Hallett, L. J. Lowenstine, M. M. Garner, C. H. Gardiner, B. A. Rideout, M. K. Keel and J. D. Brown.  2008.  Myxozoan parasitism in waterfowl. International Journal for Parasitology 38:1199-1207.

Hallett, S. L. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2008. Effects of water flow on the infection dynamics of Myxobolus cerebralis. Parasitology 135:371-384.

Garner, M. M., S. D. Atkinson, S. L. Hallett, J. L. Bartholomew, R. W. Nordhausen, H. Reed, L. Adams and B. Whitaker. 2008.  Renal myxozoanosis in weedy sea dragons (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus) due to Sinuolinea phyllopteryxa n.sp. Journal of Fish Diseases 31:27-35.

Bartholomew, J. L., S. D. Atkinson, S. L. Hallett, C. M. Zielinski and J. S. Foott. 2007. Distribution and abundance of the salmonid parasite Parvicapsula minibicornis (Myxozoa) in the Klamath River Basin (Oregon-California, USA). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 78:137-146.

Arsan, E. L., S. D.  Atkinson, S. L.  Hallett, T. Meyers, and J. L. Bartholomew.  2007.  Expanded geographical distribution of Myxobolus cerebralis: first detections from Alaska.  Journal of Fish Diseases 30:483-491.

Arsan, L., S. Hallett, and J. Bartholomew.  2007.  Tubifex tubifex from Alaska: distribution and susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis.  Journal of Parasitology 93:1332-1342

Atkinson, S. D., S. L. Hallett and J. L. Bartholomew. 2007. The life cycle of Chloromyxum auratum (Myxozoa) from goldfish (Crassius auratus) involves and antonactinomyxon actinospores. Journal of Fish Diseases 30:149-156.

Bartholomew, J. L., H. V. Lorz, S. D. Atkinson, S. L. Hallett, D. G. Stevens, R. A. Holt, K. Lujan and A. Amandi. 2007.  Evaluation of a management strategy to control the spread of Myxobolus cerebralis in a lower Columbia River tributary. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 27:542-550

Stocking, R. W., H. L. Lorz, R. A. Holt and J. L. Bartholomew. 2007. Surveillance for Ceratomyxa shasta in the Puget Sound watershed, WA, USA. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 19:116-120.

Stocking, R. W. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2007. Distribution and habitat characteristics of Manayunkia speciosa and infection prevalence with the parasite, Ceratomyxa shasta, in the Klamath River, OR-CA, USA. Journal of Parasitology 93:78-88

Hallett, S. L. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2006.  Application of a real-time PCR assay to detect and quantify the myxozoan parasite Ceratomyxa shasta in water samples. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 71:109-118.

Hallett, S.L., Atkinson, S.D., Holt, R.A., Banner, C.R. & Bartholomew, J.L.  2006  A new myxozoan from feral goldfish (Carassius auratus). Journal of Parasitology 92:357-363.

Stocking, R. W., R. A. Holt, J. S. Foott and J. L. Bartholomew. 2006. Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of the Salmonid Parasite Ceratomyxa shasta (Myxozoa) in the Oregon-California Klamath River Basin. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 18: 194-202.

Bartholomew, J. L., B. L. Kerans, R. P. Hedrick, S. C. MacDiarmid and J. R. Winton. 2005. A risk assessment based approach for the management of whirling disease. Reviews In Fisheries Science 13:205-230.

Garner M. M, Bartholomew L. J, Whipps C. M, Nordhausen R. W, Raiti P. 2005. Renal myxozoanosis in Crowned River Turtles Hardella thurjii: description of the putative agent Myxidium hardella n. sp., by Histopathology, Electron Microscopy, and DNA Sequencing. Veterinary Pathology 42: 589-595.

Hallett, S. L., S. D. Atkinson and J. L. Bartholomew. 2005.  Countering morphological ambiguities: development of a PCR assay to assist the identification of Tubifex tubifex oligochaetes. Hydrobiologia. 543:305-309

Bartholomew, J. L., E. Ray, B. Torell, M. J. Whipple and J. R. Heidel. 2004. Monitoring Ceratomyxa shasta infection during a hatchery rearing cycle: comparison of molecular, serological and histological methods. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 62:85-92.

Bartholomew, J. L., T. S. McDowell, M. Mattes, M. El-Matbouli and R.P. Hedrick. 2004. Susceptibility of rainbow trout resistant to Myxobolus cerebralis to selected salmonid pathogens. Pages 549-557 in M. J. Nickum, P. M. Mazik, J. G. Nickum, and D. D. MacKinlay, editors.  Propagated Fishes in Resource Management. American Fisheries Society, Symposium 44, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Sollid, S. A., H. V. Lorz, D. G. Stevens, P. W. Reno and J. L. Bartholomew.  2004. Prevalence of Myxobolus cerebralis at juvenile salmonid acclimation sites in Northeastern Oregon.  North American Journal of Fisheries Management. 24:146-153.

Duncan, A. E., M. M. Garner, J. L. Bartholomew, T. A. Reichard and R. W. Nordhausen.   2004.  Renal myxosporidiasis in Asian horned frogs (Megophrys nasuta).  Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35:381-336.

Bartholomew, J. L., H. V. Lorz, S. A. Sollid and D. G. Stevens. 2003. Susceptibility of Juvenile and Yearling Bull Trout to Myxobolus cerebralis, and Effects of Sustained Parasite Challenges. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health.15:248-255.

Larenas J. J.,  J. Bartholomew, O. Troncoso, H. Ledezma, S. Fernández, N. Sandoval, P. Vera, J. Contreras, P. Smith.  2003.  Experimental vertical transmission of Piscirickettsia salmonis and an in vitro study of the attachment and mode of entrance of the bacterium into the ovum.  Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 56:25-30.

Nichols, K. M., J. L. Bartholomew and G. H. Thorgaard. 2003. Mapping multiple genetic loci associated with Ceratomyxa shasta resistance in Oncorhynchus mykiss.  Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 56:145-154.

Sollid, S. A., H. V. Lorz, D. G. Stevens, and J. L. Bartholomew.  2003.  Age-dependent Susceptibility of chinook salmon to Myxobolus cerebralis and effects of sustained parasite challenges.  Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 15:136-146.

Lowers, J. M. and J. L. Bartholomew. 2003. Detection of Myxozoan Parasites in Oligochaetes Imported as Food for Ornamental Fish.  Journal of Parasitology 89:84-91.

Thorgaard, G.H., G.S. Bailey, D. Williams, D.R. Buhler, S.L. Kaattari, S.S. Ristow, J.D. Hansen, J.R. Winton, J.L. Bartholomew, J.J. Nagler, P.J. Walsh, M.M. Vijayan, R.H. Devlin, R.W. Hardy, K.E. Overturf, W.P. Young, B.D. Robison, C. Rexroad III, Y. Palti, 2002. Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout.  Comp. Biochem. Physiol.  B., 133:  609-646.

Bartholomew, J. L. and P. W. Reno.  2002.  The History and Dissemination of Whirling Disease. Pages 3-24 in J. L. Bartholomew and J. C. Wilson, editors, Whirling disease: reviews and current topics.  American Fisheries Society Symposium 29, Bethesda, Maryland.

Whipple, M. J., A. L. Gannam and J. L. Bartholomew. 2002.  Lack of a Prophylactic Effect of Orally

Administered Glucan and Fumagillin on Naturally Acquired Infection with Ceratomyxa shasta in Juvenile Rainbow and Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).  North American Journal of Aquaculture 64:1-9

Sollid, S. A., H. V. Lorz, D. G. Stevens and J. L. Bartholomew. 2002. Relative Susceptibility of Selected Deschutes River, Oregon, Salmonid Species to Experimentally Induced Infection by Myxobolus cerebralis. Pages 117-124 in J. L. Bartholomew and J. C. Wilson, editors, Whirling disease: reviews and current topics.  American Fisheries Society Symposium 29, Bethesda, Maryland.

Sandell, T. A., H. V. Lorz, S. A. Sollid and J. L. Bartholomew. 2002. Effects of Myxobolus cerebralis Infection on Juvenile Spring Chinook Salmon in the Lostine River, Oregon. Pages 135-142 in J. L. Bartholomew and J. C. Wilson, editors, Whirling disease: reviews and current topics.  American Fisheries Society Symposium 29, Bethesda, Maryland.